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阅 读
第一课
第一节: 总论 阅读理解全真试题
unit 1——89，1 unit 2——90，1 unit 3——91，6 unit 4——93，6 unit 5——94，1 unit 6——95，1 unit 7——95，6 unit 8——96，1 unit 9——96，6 unit 10——97，1 unit 11——97，6 unit 12——98，1 unit 13——98，6 unit 14——99，1
unit 15——99，6 unit 16——2000，1 unit 17——2000，6 简答题全真试题
unit 1——97，1 unit 2——98，1 unit 3——98，6 unit 4——99，1 安排：
一、阅读理解全真题——重点 二、阅读理解模拟练习 三、简答题评述 四、简答题全真试题： 记住解题思路 五、英译汉样题、参考答案及评分标准——不是六级考试内容
1. 总论 2. 阅读理解基本能力的训练 六级文章总体来讲可以分为两大部分 一部分：基础的东西 另一部分：比较初级的提高上去了对理解能力、分析判断能力有了比较高的那部分东西 第4个单元：跨度 第5个单元：过渡到后面一部分 六级阅读应注意的问题 平常班时间比较充裕；基础不好，记好笔记
第二节：
六级阅读应注意的问题 主观性试题——简答题，作文 积累好的表达 四级和六级的不同： 做题方法不一样 1. 词汇量 2. 速度 3. 干扰项 4. 难句和长句 单词最少背完80%
关于选项的理解： 如何背单词；带题的词汇书《速听速记》 灵活背单词；特别难的单词要记在卡片上，打乱顺序。 晚上背单词比较好；阅读速度的提高；70个词/分钟
第三节：
六级阅读应注意的问题 主观性试题——简答题，作文 积累好的表达 四级和六级的不同： 做题方法不一样 1. 词汇量 2. 速度 3. 干扰项 4. 难句和长句 单词最少背完80%
关于选项的理解： 如何背单词；带题的词汇书《速听速记》 灵活背单词；特别难的单词要记在卡片上，打乱顺序。 晚上背单词比较好；阅读速度的提高；70个词/分钟 干扰项的问题
四种干扰项
（1）假细节 特点：一、利用文章中出现的一些词，尤其是显眼的词 二、利用一些基本的常识和一般的看法 例：
The case for college has been accepted without question for more than a generation. All high school graduates ought to go, says conventional wisdom and statistical evidence, because college will help them earn more money, become "better" people, and learn to be more responsible citizens than those who don't go.
29. In this passage the author argues that. A) more and more evidence shows college education may not be the best thing for high school graduates B) college education is not enough if one wants to be successful C) college education benefits only the intelligent, ambitious, and quick-learning people D) intelligent people may learn quicker if they don't go to college
注：两个要点：1. 题干中 2. 干扰项上 六级文章出现argues，表明观点和态度
subtle：小的、微妙的
There are desert plants which survive the dry season in the form of inactive seeds. There are
also desert insects which survive as inactive larvae(幼虫). In addition, difficult as it is to believe, there are desert fish which can survive through years of drought(干旱) in the form of inactive eggs. These are the shrimps (小虾) that live 23. The passage mainly deals with_____. A) the life span of the Mojave shrimps B) the survival of desert shrimps C) the importance of water to life D) life in the Mojave Desert
（2）错误的细节
用原文出现的结构和大部分的词汇，只是在不显眼的地方做了少量的变化，造成了意思的转变
例：
To live in the United States today is to gain an appreciation for Dahrendorf's assertion that
social change exists everywhere. Technology, the application of knowledge for practical ends, is a
major source of social change. 32. The examples of the Challenger and Chernobyl cited by the author serve to show that _____. A) if not given close examination, technology could be used to destroy our world B) technology is a human creation, so we are responsible for it C) technology usually goes wrong, if not controlled by man D) being a human creation, technology is liable to error
The explosion of the Challenger space shuttle (挑战者号航天飞机) and the Russian nuclear
accident at Chernobyl drive home the human quality of technology; they provide cases in which well-planned systems suddenly went haywire (变得混乱) and there was no ready hand to set them right. Since technology is a human creation, We are responsible for what is done with it 32. The examples of the Challenger and Chernobyl cited by the author serve to show that _____. A) if not given close examination, technology could be used to destroy our world B) technology is a human creation, so we are responsible for it C) technology usually goes wrong, if not controlled by man D) being a human creation, technology is liable to error
注：drive sth. home drive home sth.：把什么说得特别清楚，表明清晰
take responsibility for 第四节： （3）他处的细节
作为他处细节的选项，可能本身的含义是正确的，但放在此处不成立。 列举型细节题、作者态度题 例：
It is often claimed that nuclear energy is something we cannot do without. We live in a consumer society where there is an enormous demand for commercial products of all kinds. Moreover, an increase in industrial production is considered to be one solution to the problem of mass unemployment. 26. The writer's attitude toward nuclear energy is ___. A) indifferent B) tolerant C) favorable D) negative 27. According to the opponents of nuclear energy, which of the following is TRUE of nuclear energy? A) Primitive B) Cheap C) Exhaustible D) Unsafe 28. Some people claim that nuclear energy is essential because______. A) it provides a perfect solution to mass unemployment B) it represents an enormous step forward in our scientific evolution C) it can meet the growing demand of an industrially developing society D) nuclear power stations can be run and maintained by relatively few technical and administrative staff 29. Which of the following statements does the writer support? A) The demand for commercial products will not necessarily keep increasing. B) Nuclear energy is something we cannot do without. C) Uranium is a good source of energy for economic and ecological reasons. D) Greater safety provisions can bring about the expansion of nuclear energy programmes.
（4）归纳范围的错误 第一，和文章无关的东西 第二，范围过大的归纳 第三，范围过小 逆向思维 难句和长句的问题 We try to obtain information about others in many ways. Berger suggests several methods for
reducing uncertainties about others: watching, without being noticed, a person interacting with
others, particularly with others who are known to you so you can compare the observed person's
behavior with the known others' behavior…………. asking people who have had or have frequent
contact with the person about him or her; and using various strategies in face-to-face interaction to
uncover information about another person- questions, self-disclosures(自我表露)，and so on. To say that the child learns by imitation and that the way to teach is to set a good example oversimplifies. No child imitates every action he sees. Sometimes, the example the parent wants him to follow is ignored while he takes over contrary patterns from some other example. 注：（1）每个词都能看懂、句子也不长，但句子意思不能准确把握
John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behavior
of the individual as over against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue over against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the language of his family.
解决难句的方法 1. 分析句子结构 2. 掌握英语的专有表达 fail：前面有without时作名词 He will be there at six o'clock without fail. regard, view, think of, look at.... as consider省略to be
第二课
第一节： 六级体裁和题材的问题 体裁：说明文和议论文为主，六级没有出现过叙述文
题材：人文社会 《英语世界》 《新概念》三、四册 安排：
阅读的时间安排
最多不能超过40分钟，随着对真题慢慢的熟悉，要减少到35分钟 打基础，摸清自己到底有多大的能力去考 及格：阅读分数不要低于26分 优秀：阅读分数不要低于36分
干扰项的问题
方法未完全掌握，会出现错误比较多 1996年是一个分水岭——极端难的两套题 现在的难是对于理解能力的提高
第二节： 上课的要求 每一篇文章的真题要读6遍 第1遍：按照考试要求做 目的：查漏补缺、暴露问题 第2遍：精读（最重要） 目的：查出所有的不认识的单词和词组 第3遍：课前看一遍 第4遍：课上听一遍 第5遍：课后复习两遍，第1遍从考试的角度，第2遍从语言角度
做题的方法 1. 扫描题干，划出核心信息词 时间词、地点词、人物词（不要超过1分钟） 一般来说，扫描完题干，直接回原文 2. 扫描文章，划出核心词 和题干的核心信息词相关的信息点 每段的尾句和首句必须去看 主题句 因果关系句 转折句 列举句，把号标出来 以副词开头的强调句
3. 题目和文章要相联系 4. 再次回原文反复的看相关的信息点 Question 21 to 24 are based on the following passage: Automation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automatic operation of productive machinery. It reduces the human factors, mental and physical, in production, and is designed to make possible the manufacture of more goods with fewer workers. The development of automation in American industry has been called the "Second Industrial Revolution."
Labour's concern over automation arises from uncertainty about the effects on employment, and fears of major changes in jobs. In the main, labour has taken the view that resistance to technical change is unfruitful. Eventually, the result of automation may well be an increase in employment, since it is expected that vast industries will grow up around manufacturing, maintaining, and repairing automation equipment. The interest of labour lies in bringing about the transition with a minimum of inconvenience and distress to the workers involved. Also, union spokesmen emphasize that the benefit of the increased production and lower costs made possible by automation should be shared by workers in the form of higher wages, more leisure, and improved living standards.
To protect the interests of their members in the era of automation, unions have adopted a number of new policies. One of these is the promotion of supplementary unemployment benefit plans. It is emphasized that since the employer involved in such a plan has a direct financial interest in preventing unemployment, he will have a strong drive for planning new installations so as to cause the least possible problems in jobs and job assignments. Some unions are working for dismissal pay agreements, requiring that permanently dismissed workers be paid a sum of money based on length of service. Another approach is the idea of the "improvement factor", which calls for wage increases based on increases in productivity. It is possible, however, that labour will rely mainly on reduction in working hours in order to gain a full share in the fruits of automation. 21. Though labour worries about the effects of automation, it never doubts that ________.
A) automation will eventually prevent unemployment
B) automation will help workers acquire new skills
C) automation will eventually benefit the workers no less than the employers
D) automation is a trend which cannot be stopped
22. The idea of the "improvement factor" (Para. 3, Line 8) implies roughly ________.
A) wages should be paid on the basis of length of service
B) the benefit of the increased production and lower costs should be shared by workers
C) supplementary unemployment benefit plans should be promoted
D) the transition to automation should be brought about with the minimum of inconvenience and distress to workers
23. In order to get the full benefits of automation, labour will depend mostly on ________.
A) additional payment to the permanently dismissed workers
B) the increase of wages in proportion to the increase in productivity
C) shorter working hours and more leisure time
D) strong drive for planning new installations
24. Which of the following can best sum up the passage?
A) Advantages and disadvantages of automation.
B) Labour and the effects of automation.
C) Unemployment benefit plans and automation.
D) Social benefits of automation.
第三节
注：不良阅读习惯：边念边读——从主观意识上去克服 指读、遇到生词就停下来 不要按主观想法去读
21：may well be：表示不确定;B\C：假细节;no less than: 和什么一样多
22：外延；improvement factor: 增值因素;call for :要求；supplementary unemployment benefit plans：辅助性失业救济金计划；money based on length of service：解雇金协议
选A不对
24：主旨题；concern: 忧虑、担心 六级的六种题型 一、主旨题 二、细节题 三、推断题
1.以因果关系为主，侧重考原因
例： Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage: The long years of food shortage in this country have suddenly given way to apparent abundance. Stores and shops are choked with food. Rationing （定量供应） is virtually suspended, and overseas suppliers have been asked to hold back deliveries. Yet, instead of joy, there is wide-spread uneasiness and confusion. Why do food prices keep on rising, when there seems to be so much more food about? Is the abundance only temporary, or has it come to stay? Does it mean that we need to think less now about producing more food at home? No one knows what to expect.
The recent growth of export surpluses on the world food market has certainly been unexpectedly great, partly because a strange sequence of two successful grain harvests in North America is now being followed by a third. Most of Britain's overseas suppliers of meat, too, are offering more this year and home production has also risen.
But the effect of all this on the food situation in this country has been made worse by a simultaneous rise in food prices, due chiefly to the gradual cutting down of government support for food. The shops are overstocked with food not only because there is more food available, but also because people, frightened by high prices, are buying less of it.
Moreover, the rise in domestic prices has come at a time when world prices have begun to fall, with the result that imported food, with the exception of grain, is often cheaper than the home-produced variety. And now grain prices, too, are falling. Consumers are beginning to ask why they should not be enabled to benefit from this trend.
The significance of these developments is not lost on farmers. The older generation have seen it all happen before. Despite the present price and market guarantees, farmers fear they are about to be squeezed between cheap food imports and a shrinking home market. Present production is running at 51 per cent above pre-war levels, and the government has called for an expansion to 60 per cent by 1956; but repeated Ministerial advice is carrying little weight and the expansion programme is not working very well. 26. Why is there "wide-spread uneasiness and confusion" about the food situation in Britain?
A) The abundant food supply is not expected to last.
B) Despite the abundance, food prices keep rising.
C) Britain is importing less food.
D) Britain will cut back on its production of food.
27. The main reason for the rise in food prices is that ________.
A) people are buying less food
B) imported food is driving prices higher
C) domestic food production has decreased
D) the government is providing less support for agriculture
28. Why didn't the government's expansion programme work very well?
A) Because the farmers were uncertain about the financial support the government guaranteed.
B) Because the farmers were uncertain about the benefits of expanding production.
C) Because the farmers were uncertain whether foreign markets could be found for their produce.
D) Because the older generation of farmers were strongly against the programme.
29. The decrease in world food prices was a result of ________.
A) a sharp fall in the purchasing power of the consumers
B) a sharp fall in the cost of food production
C) the overproduction of food in the food-importing countries
D) the overproduction on the part of the main food-exporting countries
30. What did the future look like for Britain's food production at the time this article was written?
A) It looks depressing despite government guarantees.
B) An expansion of food production was at hand.
C) British food producers would receive more government financial support.
D) The fall in world food prices would benefit British food producers. 2.暗含暗指
四、词汇题 1. 不注出中文意思，但后面要考 2. 不注出中文意思，但是可以通过上下文猜出来 3. 是生词，将中文意思注出来 通过同义词、反义词、构词法判断和全文推测和代入排除 97年6月——包装 95年1月
例：
We can no longer afford to be tunnel-visioned in our approach. We must visualize issues from every perspective to make the objective decisions. We must express our views clearly to prevent media distortion and public confusion.
28. The word "tunnel-visioned"(Line 2, Para. 4) most probably means "____". A) narrow-minded B) short-sighted C) able to see only one aspect D) blind to the facts
五、句子释义题
六、作者态度题 1. 带有感情色彩的词 2. 通过一些特别强烈的表达 3. 客观去说 第三课
第一节 Unit 1 Passage 1 Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage: What has the telephone done to us, or for us, in the hundred years of its existence? A few effects suggest themselves at once. It has saved lives by getting rapid word of illness, injury, or fire from remote places. By joining with the elevator to make possible the multi-story residence or office building, it has made possible — for better or worse — the modern city. By bringing about a great leap in the speed and ease with which information moves from place to place, it has greatly accelerated the rate of scientific and technological changes and growth in industry. Beyond doubt it has seriously weakened if not killed the ancient art of letter writing. It has made living alone possible for persons with normal social impulses; by so doing, it has played a role in one of the greatest social changes of this century, the breakup of the multi-generational household. It has made the war chillingly more efficient than formerly. Perhaps, though not provably（可证实）, it has prevented wars that might have arisen out of international misunderstanding caused by written communication. Or perhaps — again not provably — by magnifying and extending irrational personal conflicts based on voice contact, it has caused wars. Certainly it has extended the scope of human conflicts, since it impartially disseminates（传播）the useful knowledge of scientists and the nonsense of the ignorant, the affection of the affectionate and the malice（恶意）of the malicious. 21. What is the main idea of this passage?
A) The telephone has helped to save people from illness and fire.
B) The telephone has helped to prevent wars and conflicts.
C) The telephone has made the modern city neither better nor worse.
D) The telephone has had positive as well as negative effects on us.
22. According to the passage, it is the telephone that ________.
A) has made letter writing an art
B) has prevented wars by avoiding written communication
C) has made the world different from what it was
D) has caused wars by magnifying and extending human conflicts
23. The telephone has intensified conflicts among people because ________.
A) it increases the danger of war
B) it provides services to both the good and the malicious
C) it makes distant communication easier
D) it breaks up the multi-generational household
24. The author describes the telephone as impartial because it ________.
A) saves lives of people in remote places
B) enables people to live alone if they want to
C) spreads both love and ill will
D) replaces much written communication
25. The writer's attitude towards the use of the telephone is ________.
A) affectionate C) approving
B) disapproving D) neutral 注：21：主旨题；插入语做干扰项
22：细节题、全局性的题
文章特点：
一、大的列举 二、插入语 suggest itself to sb.: 立刻凸现出来 without doubt, no doubt= Beyond doubt毫无疑问的；bringing about：引起，导致
irrational：无理性的、不合理的、荒谬的、愚蠢的
elevator：电梯；great leap forward
多多留意设问句 如果是长句子，则在核心信息处标号 先不看插入语，回去再补充信息
不要贪心、敢于舍弃 Could I kill the light? I killed the exam. I was killed by the exam. I killed her.
by doing so＝ in doing so breakup: 解体 arisen out of = arisen from：源于；based on: 因果关系词组
Passage 2 Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage: To say that the child learns by imitation and that the way to teach is to set a good example oversimplifies. No child imitates every action he sees. Sometimes, the example the parent wants him to follow is ignored while he takes over contrary patterns from some other example. Therefore we must turn to a more subtle theory than "Monkey see, monkey do."
Look at it from the child's point of view. Here he is in a new situation, lacking a ready response. He is seeking a response which will gain certain ends. If he lacks a ready response for the situation, and cannot reason out what to do, he observes a model who seems able to get the right result. The child looks for an authority or expert who can show what to do.
There is a second element at work in this situation. The child may be able to attain his immediate goal only to find that his method brings criticism from people who observe him. When shouting across the house achieves his immediate end of delivering a message, he is told emphatically that such a racket（叫嚷）is unpleasant, that he should walk into the next room and say his say quietly. Thus, the desire to solve any objective situation is overlaid with the desire to solve it properly. One of the early things the child learns is that he gets more affection and approval when his parents like his response. Then other adults reward some actions and criticize others. If one is to maintain the support of others and his own self-respect, he must adopt responses his social group approves.
In finding trial responses, the learner does not choose models at random. He imitates the person who seems a good person to be like, rather than a person whose social status he wishes to avoid. If the pupil wants to be a good violinist, he will observe and try to copy the techniques of capable players; while some other person may most influence his approach to books.
Admiration of one quality often leads us to admire a person as whole, and he becomes an identifying figure. We use some people as models over a wide range of situations, imitating much that they do. We learn that they are dependable and rewarding models because imitating them leads to success. 26. The statement that children learn by imitation is incomplete because ________.
A) they only imitate authorities and experts
B) the are not willing to copy their parents
C) the process of identification has been ignored
D) the nature of their imitation as a form of behaviour has been neglected
27. For a child the first element in his learning by imitation is ________.
A) the need to find an authority
B) the need to find a way to achieve the desired result
C) the need for more affection from his parents
D) the desire to meet the standards of his social group
28. Apart from achieving his desired results, a child should also learn to ________.
A) behave properly C) show his affection for his parents
B) attain his goal as soon as possible D) talk quietly
29. Children tend to imitate their models ________.
A) who do not criticize them
B) who bring them unexpected rewards
C) whom they want to be like
D) whose social status is high
30. "An identifying figure" (Line 2, Para. 5) refers to a person ________.
A) who serves as a model for others
B) who is always successful
C) who can be depended upon
D) who has been rewarded for his success 注：注意每段的核心；while: 对照、对比关系；subtle：深奥的、不明显的
ready: 现成的；I'm ready to help you；reason out: 推理出
at work： 起作用、发挥作用，工作；
30：B选项中always等表示最高的、绝对的、唯一的这些词在六级文章中出现会有不同的位置；as a whole: on the whole；identifying：令人认同的
28：trial：实验；who seems to be like a good person；rather than：而不是
other than：除了
27：emphatically：强调的；A be overlaid with B：B覆盖A
文章特点：题目顺序和文章顺序一致 Passage 3 Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage: When imaginative men turn their eyes towards space and wonder whether life exist in any part of it, they may cheer themselves by remembering that life need not resemble closely the life that exists on Earth. Mars looks like the only planet where life like ours could exist, and even this is doubtful. But there may be other kinds of life based on other kinds of chemistry, and they may multiply on Venus or Jupiter. At least we cannot prove at present that they do not.
Even more interesting is the possibility that life on their planets may be in a more advanced stage of evolution. Present-day man is in a peculiar and probably temporary stage. His individual units retain a strong sense of personality. They are, in fact, still capable under favorable circumstances of leading individual lives. But man's societies are already sufficiently developed to have enormously more power and effectiveness than the individuals have.
It is not likely that this transitional situation will continue very long on the evolutionary time scale. Fifty thousand years from now man's societies may have become so close-knit that the individuals retain no sense of separate personality. Then little distinction will remain between the organic parts of the multiple organism and the inorganic parts (machines) that have been constructed by it. A million years further on man and his machines may have merged as closely as the muscles of the human body and the nerve cells that set them in motion.
The explorers of space should be prepared for some such situation. If they arrive on a foreign planet that has reached an advanced stage (and this is by no means impossible), they may find it being inhabited by a single large organism composed of many closely cooperating units.
The units may be "secondary" — machines created millions of years ago by a previous form of life and given the will and ability to survive and reproduce. They may be built entirely of metals and other durable materials. If this is the case, they may be much more tolerant of their environment, multiplying under conditions that would destroy immediately any organism made of carbon compounds and dependent on the familiar carbon cycle.
Such creatures might be relics（遗物）of a past age, many millions of years ago, when their planet was favorable to the origin of life, or they might be immigrants from a favored planet. 31. What does the word "cheer" (Line2, Para. 1) imply?
A) Imaginative men are sure of success in finding life on other planets.
B) Imaginative men are delighted to find life on other planets.
C) Imaginative men are happy to find a different kind of life existing on other planets.
D) Imaginative men can be pleased with the idea that there might exist different forms of life on other planets.
32. Humans on Earth today are characterized by ________.
A) their existence as free and separate beings
B) their capability of living under favorable conditions
C) their great power and effectiveness
D) their strong desire for living in a close-knit society
33. According to this passage, some people believe that eventually ________.
A) human societies will be much more cooperative
B) man will live in a highly organized world
C) machines will replace man
D) living beings will disappear from Earth
34. Even most imaginative people have to admit that ________.
A) human societies are as advanced as those on some other planets
B) planets other than Earth are not suitable for life like ours to stay
C) it is difficult to distinguish between organic parts and inorganic parts of the human body
D) organism are more creative than machines
35. It seems that the writer ________.
A) is interested in the imaginary life forms
B) is eager to find a different form of life
C) is certain of the existence of a new life form
D) is critical of the imaginative people
注：掌握单词和词组 imaginary：想象中的 may——阅读中重点看 a strong sense of personality leading individual lives
32：likely：形容词
33：living beings：生命体
35：金星：Venus ；木星：Jupiter ；水星：Mercury ；火星：Mars 土星：Saturn；Mercury：莫丘 ；mercury: 汞、水银
mercury free: 无汞电池、环保电池
Mars：战神 Saturn：萨登农神 Cupid：丘比特
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage: The American baby boom after the war made unconvincing U.S. advice to poor countries that they restrain their births. However, there has hardly been a year since 1957 in which birth rates have not fallen in the United States and other rich countries, and in 1976 the fall was especially sharp. Both East Germany and West Germany have fewer births than they have deaths, and the United States is only temporarily able to avoid this condition because the children of the baby boom are now an exceptionally large group of married couples.
It is true that Americans do not typically plan their births to set an example for developing nations. We are more affected by women's liberation: once women see interesting and well-paid jobs and careers available, they are less willing to provide free labor for child raising. From costing nothing, children suddenly come to seem impossibly expensive. And to the high cost of children are added the uncertainties introduced by divorce; couples are increasingly unwilling to subject children to the terrible experience of marital（婚姻的）breakdown and themselves to the difficulty of raising a child alone.
These circumstances — women working outside the home and the instability of marriage — tend to spread with industrial society and they will affect more and more countries during the remainder of this century. Along with them goes social mobility, ambition to rise in the urban world, a main factor in bringing down the births in Europe in the nineteenth century.
Food shortage will happen again when the reserves resulting from the good harvests of 1976 and 1977 have been consumed. Urbanization is likely to continue, with the cities of the developing nations struggling under the weight of twice their present populations by the year 2000. The presently rich countries are approaching a stable population largely because of the changed place of women, and they incidentally are setting an example of restraint to the rest of the world. Industrial society will spread to the poor countries, and aspirations（渴望）will exceed resources. All this will lead to a population in the twenty-first century that is smaller than was feared a few years ago. For those anxious to see world population brought under control the news is encouraging. 36. During the years from 1957 to 1976, the birth rate of the United States ________.
A) increased C) experienced both falls and rises
B) was reduced D) remained stable
37. What influences the birth rate most in the United States is ________.
A) highly paid jobs C) expenses of child raising
B) women's desire for independence D) high divorce rate
38. The sentence "From costing nothing, children suddenly come to seem impossibly expensive." (Line 4, Para. 2) implies that ________.
A) food and clothing for babies are becoming incredibly expensive
B) prices are going up dramatically all the time
C) to raise children women have to give up interesting and well-paid jobs
D) social development has made child-raising inexpensive
39. A chief factor in bringing down the births in Europe in the 19th century is ________.
A) birth control C) the instability of marriage
B) the desire to seek fortune in cities D) the changed place of women
40. The population in the 21 st century,. according to the writer, ________.
A) will be smaller than a few years ago
B) will not be as small as people expect
C) will prove to be a threat to the world
D) will not constitute as serious a problem as expected 注：36：典型的细节定位题
It is a fact that... ；Certainly...；be not willing to do sth. ；be unwilling to do sth. His wife is impossible. ；subject themselves
40：baby boomer；developing country；hardly
第三节
Questions 25 to 30 are based on the following passage: The case for college has been accepted without question for more than a generation. All high school graduates ought to go, says conventional wisdom and statistical evidence, because college will help them earn more money, become "better" people, and learn to be more responsible citizens than those who don't go.
But college has never been able to work its magic for everyone. And now that close to half our high school graduates are attending, those who don't fit the pattern are becoming more numerous, and more obvious. College graduates are selling shoes and driving taxis; college students interfere with each other's experiments and writes false letters of recommendation in the intense competition for admission to graduate school. Others find no stimulation in their studies, and drop out ¬— often encouraged by college administrators.
Some observers say the fault is with the young people themselves ¬— they are spoiled and they are expecting too much. But that's a condemnation of the students as a whole, and doesn't explain all campus unhappiness. Others blame the state of the world, and they are partly right. We've been told that young people have to go to college because our economy can't absorb an army of untrained eighteen-year-olds. But disappointed graduates are learning that it can no longer absorb an army of trained twenty-two-year-olds, either.
Some adventuresome educators and campus watchers have openly begun to suggest that college may not be the best, the proper, the only place for every young person after the completion of high school. We may have been looking at all those surveys and statistics upside down, it seems, and through the rosy glow of our own remembered college experiences. Perhaps college doesn't make people intelligent, ambitious, happy, liberal, or quick to learn things — maybe it's just the other way around, and intelligent, ambitious, happy, liberal, quick-learning people are merely the ones who have been attracted to college in the first place. And perhaps all those successful college graduates would have been successful whether they had gone to college or not. This is heresy（异端邪说）to those of us who have been brought up to believe that if a little schooling is good, more has to be much better. But contrary evidence is beginning to mount up. 25. According to the author, ________.
A) people used to question the value of college education
B) people used to have full confidence in higher education
C) all high school graduates went to college
D) very few high school graduates chose to go to college
26. In the 2nd paragraph, "those who don't fit the pattern" refers to ________.
A) high school graduates who aren't suitable for college education
B) college graduates who are selling shoes and driving taxis
C) college students who aren't any better for their higher education
D) high school graduates who failed to be admitted to college
27. The drop-out rate of college students seems to go up because ________.
A) young people are disappointed with the conventional way of teaching at college
B) many young people are required to join the army
C) young people have little motivation in pursuing a higher education
D) young people don't like the intense competition for admission to graduate school
28. According to the passage the problems of college education partly arise from the fact that ________.
A) society cannot provide enough jobs for properly trained college graduates
B) high school graduates do not fit the pattern of college education
C) too many students have to earn their own living
D) college administrators encourage students to drop out
29. In this passage the author argues that ________.
A) more and more evidence shows college education may not be the best thing for high school graduates
B) college education is not enough if one wants to be successful
C) college education benefits only the intelligent, ambitious, and quick-learning people
D) intelligent people may learn quicker if they don't go to college
30. The "surveys and statistics" mentioned in the last paragraph might have shown that ________.
A) college-educated people are more successful than non-college-educated people
B) college education was not the first choice for intelligent people
C) the less schooling one has the better it is for him
D) most people have sweet memories of college life 注：29：argue：主张
30：case：理由、论据；now that：既然、由于
26：condemnation：谴责；He wants to tell the news to the world.；
an army of：大量的
观点上没把自己包括进去；mount up：增加
25：时间的对照 Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage: Ours has become a society of employees. A hundred years or so ago only one out of every five Americans at work was employed, i.e., worked for somebody else. Today only one out of five is not employed but working for himself. And when fifty years ago "being employed" meant working as a factory labourer or as a farmhand, the employee of today is increasingly a middle-class person with a substantial formal education, holding a professional or management job requiring intellectual and technical skills. Indeed, two things have characterized American society during these last fifty years: middle-class and upper-class employees have been the fastest-growing groups in our working population — growing so fast that the industrial worker, that oldest child of the Industrial Revolution, has been losing in numerical importance despite the expansion of industrial production.
Yet you will find little if anything written on what it is to be an employee. You can find a great deal of very dubious advice on how to get a job or how to get a promotion. You can also find a good deal of work in a chosen field, whether it be the mechanist's trade or bookkeeping（簿记）.Every one of these trades requires different skills, sets different standards, and requires a different preparation. Yet they all have employeeship in common. And increasingly, especially in the large business or in government, employeeship is more important to success than the special professional knowledge or skill. Certainly more people fail because they do not know the requirements of being an employee than because they do not adequately possess the skills of their trade; the higher you climb the ladder, the more you get into administrative or executive work, the greater the emphasis on ability to work within the organization rather than on technical abilities or professional knowledge. 31. It is implied that fifty years ago ________.
A) eighty per cent of American working people were employed in factories
B) twenty per cent of American intellectuals were employees
C) the percentage of intellectuals in the total work force was almost the same as that of industrial workers
D) the percentage of intellectuals working as employees was not so large as that of industrial workers
32. According to the passage, with the development of modern industry, ________.
A) factory labourers will overtake intellectual employees in number
B) there are as many middle-class employees as factory labourers
C) employers have attached great importance to factory labourers
D) the proportion of factory labourers in the total employee population has decreased
33. The word "dubious" (Para. 2, Line 2) most probably means ________.
A) valuable C) doubtful
B) useful D) helpful
34. According to the writer, professional knowledge or skill is ________.
A) less important than awareness of being a good employee
B) as important as the ability to deal with public relations
C) more important than employer-employee relations
D) as important as the ability to co-operate with others in the organization
35. From the passage it can be seen that employeeship helps one ________.
A) to be more successful in his career C) to solve technical problems
B) to be more specialized in his field D) to develop his professional skill 注：33：通过作者态度来判断
35：at work：工作的 第五课
第一节
作业： 第5单元。有时间做第6单元，如果没有时间，做前两套题 Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage: It is natural for young people to be critical of their parents at times and to blame them for most of the misunderstandings between them, They have always complained, more or less justly, that their parents are out of touch with modern ways; that they are possessive and dominant; that they do not trust their children to deal with crises; that they talk too much about certain problems — and that they have no sense of humour, at least in parent-child relationships.
I think it is true that parents often underestimate their teenage children and also forget how they themselves felt when young.
Young people often irritate their parents with their choices in clothes and hairstyles, in entertainers and music. This is not their motive. They feel cut off from the adult world into which they have not yet been accepted. So they create a culture and society of their own. Then, if it turns out that their music or entertainers or vocabulary or clothes or hairstyles irritate their parents, this gives them additional enjoyment. They feel they are superior, at least in a small way, and that they are leaders in style and taste.
Sometimes you are resistant, and proud because you do not want your parents to approve of what you do. If they did approve, it looks as if you are betraying your own age group. But in that case, you are assuming that you are the underdog: you can't win but at least you can keep your honour. This is a passive way of looking at things. It is natural enough after long years of childhood, when you were completely under your parents' control. But it ignores the fact that you are now beginning to be responsible for yourself.
If you plan to control your life, co-operation can be part of that plan. You can charm others, especially your parents, into doing things the way you want. You can impress others with your sense of responsibility and initiative, so that they will give you the authority to do what you want to do. 21. The author is primarily addressing ________.
A) parents of teenagers C) teenagers
B) newspaper readers D) those who give advice to teenagers
22. The first paragraph is mainly about ________.
A) the teenagers' criticism of their parents
B) misunderstandings between teenagers and their parents
C) the dominance of the parents over their children
D) the teenagers' ability to deal with crises
23. teenagers tend to have strange clothes and hairstyles because they ________.
A) want to irritate their parents
B) have a strong desire to be leaders in style and taste
C) have no other way to enjoy themselves better
D) want to show their existance by creating a culture of their own
24. Teenagers do not want their parents to approve of whatever they do because they ________.
A) have a desire to be independent
B) feel that they are superior in a small way to the adults
C) are not likely to win over the adults
D) have already been accepted into the adult world
25. To improve parent-child relationships, teenagers are advised to be ________.
A) obedient C) independent
B) responsible D) co-operative 注：21：addressing：对……说话
25：第1道题会在文章靠前的部分出来，最后一个题会在文章最后部分出来
给出核心内容；crises：危机，引申为极难的事情
underdog: 弱者、处于劣势的人；Every dog has its day. 每个人都有得意的那一天。 Love me love my dog.；To work like a dog.； To drink like a fish. magpie owl：猫头鹰 owlish
22：irritate：使……感到不悦、触犯；turn out：表明
24：You are a man of taste. ；case study
She can charm the birds from the trees. ；authority：权利
原因和结果
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage: It is hard to predict how science is going to turn out, and if it is really good science it is impossible to predict. If the things to be found are actually new, they are by definition unknown in advance. You cannot make choices in this matter. You either have science or you don't, and if you have it you are obliged to accept the surprising and disturbing pieces of information, along with the neat and promptly useful bits.
The only solid piece of scientific truth about which I feel totally confident is that we are profoundly ignorant about nature. Indeed, I regard this as the major discovery of the past hundred years of biology. It is, in its way, an illuminating piece of news. It would have amazed the brightest minds of the 18th century Enlightenment（启蒙运动）to be told by any of us how little we know and how bewildering seems the way ahead. It is this sudden confrontation with the depth and scope of ignorance that represents the most significant contribution of the 20th century science to the human intellect. In earlier times, we either pretended to understand how things worked or ignored the problem, or simply made up stories to fill the gaps. Now that we have begun exploring in earnest, we are getting glimpses of how huge the questions are, and how far from being answered. Because of this, we are depressed. It is not so bad being ignorant if you are totally ignorant; the hard thing is knowing in some detail the reality of ignorance, the worst spots and here and there the not-so-bad spots, but no true light at the end of the tunnel nor even any tunnels that can yet be trusted.
But we are making a beginning, and there ought to be some satisfaction. There are probably no questions we can think up that can's be answered, sooner or later, including even the matter of consciousness. To be sure, there may well be questions we can't think up, ever, and therefore limits to the reach of human intellect, but that is another matter. Within our limits we should be able to work our way through to all our answers, if we keep at it long enough, and pay attention. 31. According to the author, really good science ________.
A) would surprise the brightest minds of the 18th century Enlightenment
B) will help people to make the right choice in advance
C) will produce results which cannot be foreseen
D) will bring about disturbing results
32. It can be inferred from the passage that scientists of the 18th century ________.
A) knew that they were ignorant and wanted to know more about nature
B) were afraid of facing up to the realities of scientific research
C) thought that they knew a great deal and could solve most problems of science
D) did more harm than good in promoting man's understanding of nature
33. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about scientists in earlier times?
A) They invented false theories to explain things they didn't understand.
B) They falsely claimed to know all about mature.
C) They did not believe in results from scientific observation.
D) They paid little attention to the problems they didn't understand.
34. What is the author's attitude towards science?
A) He is confident though he is aware of the enormous difficulties in scientific research.
B) He is doubtful because of the enormous difficulties in scientific research.
C) He is depressed because of the ignorance of scientists.
D) He is delighted because of the illuminating scientific findings.
35. The author believes that ________.
A) man can not solve all the problems he can think up because of the limits of human intellect
B) man can find solutions sooner or later to whatever questions concerning nature he can think up
C) sooner or later man can think up all the questions concerning nature and answer them
D) questions concerning consciousness are outside the scope of scientific research 注：33：列举题
35：对应文章中的双重否定句
在任何时候 I will love you ever and forever.
31：definition = new ；be obliged to do: 不得不做……；
be obliged to sb.: 对……心存感激，感谢某人
about which This is the thing of which he dreamt. This is the sort of English up with which I will not put.
falter, waiver ；prevail A prevails against B
in its way: 如果从某一合适的立场来看
33：划出确定、不确定的词
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage: Greenspace facilities are contributing to an important extent to the quality of the urban environment. Fortunately it is no longer necessary that every lecture or every book about this subject has to start with the proof of this idea. At present it is generally accepted, although more as a self-evident statement than on the base of a closely-reasoned scientific proof. The recognition of the importance of greenspaces in the urban environment is a first step on the right way, this does not mean, however, that sufficient details are known about the functions of greenspace in towns and about the way in which the inhabitants are using these spaces. As to this rather complex subject I shall, within the scope of this lecture, enter into one aspect only, namely the recreative function of greenspace facilities.
The theoretical separation of living, working, traffic and recreation which for many years has been used in town-and-country planning, has in my opinion resulted in disproportionate attention for forms of recreation far from home, whereas there was relatively little attention for improvement of recreative possibilities in the direct neighbourhood of the home. We have come to the conclusion that this is not right, because an important part of the time which we do not pass in sleeping or working, is used for activities at and around home. So it is obvious that recreation in the open air has to begin at the street-door of the house. The urban environment has to offer as many recreation activities as possible, and the design of these has to be such that more obligatory activities can also have a recreative aspect.
The very best standard of living is nothing if it is not possible to take a pleasant walk in the district, if the children cannot be allowed to play in the streets, because the risks of traffic are too great, if during shopping you can nowhere find a spot for enjoying for a moment the nice weather, in short, if you only feel yourself at home after the street-door of your house is closed after you. 36. According to the author, the importance of greenspaces in the urban environment ________.
A) is still unknown C) is being closely studied
B) has been fully recognized D) is usually neglected
37. The theoretical separation of living, working, traffic and recreation has led to ________.
A) the disproportion of recreation facilities in the neighbourhood
B) the improvement of recreative possibilities in the neighbourhood
C) relatively little attention for recreative possibilities
D) the location of recreation facilities far from home
38. The author suggests that the recreative possibilities of greenspace should be provided ________.
A) in the neighbourhood of the house C) in special areas
B) in the suburbs D) in gardens and parks
39. According to the author, greenspace facilities should be designed in such a way that ________.
A) an increasing number of recreative activities might be developed
B) more and more people might have access to them
C) more obligatory activities might take on a recreative aspect
D) recreative activities might be brought into our homes
40. The main idea of this passage is that ________.
A) attention must be directed to the improvement of recreative possibilities
B) better use of greenspace facilities should be made so as to improve the quality of our life
C) the urban environment is providing more recreation activities than it did many years ago
D) priority must be given to the development of obligatory activities 注：38：一个知识点考了两个题目
36：to start with/ to begin with：首先
37：A result in B: A是原因、B是结果；A result from B：A是结果，B是原因
A originate from B：A是结果，B是原因；A account for B：A是原因，B是结果
39：take on：呈现出、显现出；We have come to the conclusion that.... 最后一篇文章，如果时间紧张，答题应该灵活 第六课 Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage: The long years of food shortage in this country have suddenly given way to apparent abundance. Stores and shops are choked with food. Rationing（定量供应）is virtually suspended, and overseas suppliers have been asked to hold back deliveries. Yet, instead of joy, there is wide-spread uneasiness and confusion. Why do food prices keep on rising, when there seems to be so much more food about? Is the abundance only temporary, or has it come to stay? Does it mean that we need to think less now about producing more food at home? No one knows what to expect.
The recent growth of export surpluses on the world food market has certainly been unexpectedly great, partly because a strange sequence of two successful grain harvests in north America is now being followed by a third. Most of Britain's overseas suppliers of meat, too, are offering more this year and home production has also risen.
But the effect of all this on the food situation in this country has been made worse by a simultaneous rise in food prices, due chiefly to the gradual cutting down of government support for food. The shops are overstocked with food not only because there is more food available, but also because people, frightened by high prices, are buying less of it.
Moreover, the rise in domestic prices has come at a time when world prices have begun to fall, with the result that imported food, with the exception of grain, is often cheaper than the home-produced variety. And now grain prices, too, are falling. Consumers are beginning to ask why they should not be enabled to benefit from this trend.
The significance of these developments is not lost on farmers. The older generation have seen it all happen before. Despite the present price and market guarantees, farmers fear they are about to be squeezed between cheap food imports and a shrinking home market. Present production is running at 51 per cent above pre-war levels, and the government has called for an expansion to 60 per cent by 1956; but repeated Ministerial advice is carrying little weight and the expansion programme is not working very well. 26. Why is there "wide-spread uneasiness and confusion" about the food situation in Britain?
A) The abundant food supply is not expected to last.
B) Despite the abundance, food prices keep rising.
C) Britain is importing less food.
D) Britain will cut back on its production of food.
27. The main reason for the rise in food prices is that ________.
A) people are buying less food
B) imported food is driving prices higher
C) domestic food production has decreased
D) the government is providing less support for agriculture
28. Why didn't the government's expansion programme work very well?
A) Because the farmers were uncertain about the financial support the government guaranteed.
B) Because the farmers were uncertain about the benefits of expanding production.
C) Because the farmers were uncertain whether foreign markets could be found for their produce.
D) Because the older generation of farmers were strongly against the programme.
29. The decrease in world food prices was a result of ________.
A) a sharp fall in the purchasing power of the consumers
B) a sharp fall in the cost of food production
C) the overproduction of food in the food-importing countries
D) the overproduction on the part of the main food-exporting countries
30. What did the future look like for Britain's food production at the time this article was written?
A) It looks depressing despite government guarantees.
B) An expansion of food production was at hand.
C) British food producers would receive more government financial support.
D) The fall in world food prices would benefit British food producers. 注：29：result of 后面指的原因；result that 后面是结果
on the part of ：在......方面、就......而言
26：be choked with 充满的；give way to 让路给……，向……让步，输给……，被……取代 ；domestic 国内的，家庭的
28：is running at 51 per cent：在一定时期内保持特定的水平；carry weight：说话有分量
30：at hand：即将发生，在手边 Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage: "There is a senseless notion that children grow up and leave home when they're 18, and the truth is far from that," says sociologist Larry Bumpass of the University of Wisconsin. Today, unexpected numbers of young adults are living with their parents. "There is a major shift in the middle class," declares sociologist Allan Schnaiberg of Northwestern University, whose son, 19, moved back in after an absence of eight months.
Analysts cite a variety of reasons for this return to the nest. The marriage age is rising, a condition that makes home and its pleasantness particularly attractive to young people. A high divorce rate and a declining remarriage rate are sending economically pressed and emotionally hurt survivors back to parental shelters. For some, the expense of an away-from-home college education has become so excessively great that many students now attend local schools. Even after graduation, young people find their wings clipped by skyrocketing housing costs.
Living at home, says Knighton, a school teacher, continues to give her security and moral support. Her mother agreed, "It's ridiculous for the kids to pay all that money for rent. It makes sense for kids to stay at home." But sharing the family home requires adjustments for all. There are the hassles over bathrooms, telephones and privacy. Some families, however, manage the delicate balancing act. But for others, it proves too difficult. Michelle Del Turco, 24, has been home three times ¬— and left three times. "What I considered a social drink, my dad considered an alcohol problem," she explains. "He never liked anyone I dated, so I either had to hide away or meet them at friends' houses."
Just how long should adult children live with their parents before moving on? Most psychologists feel lengthy homecomings are a mistake. Children struggling to establish separate identities, can end up with "a sense of inadequacy, defeat and failure." And aging parents, who should be enjoying some financial and personal freedom, find themselves stuck with responsibilities. Many agree that brief visits, however, can work beneficially. 21. According to the author, there was once a trend in the U.S. .
A) for middle class young adults to stay with their parents
B) for young adults to leave their parents and live independently
C) for married young adults to move back home after a lengthy absence
D) for young adults to get jobs nearby in order to live with their parents
22. Which of the following does not account for young adults returning to the nest?
A) Young adults find housing costs too high.
B) Quite a number of young adults attend local schools.
C) Young adults seek parental comfort and moral support.
D) Young adults are psychologically and intellectually immature.
23. One of the disadvantages of young adults returning to stay with their parents is that .
A) the young adults tend to be overprotected by their parents
B) most parents find it difficult to keep a bigger family going
C) there will inevitably be inconveniences in everyday life
D) public opinion is against young adults staying with their parents
24. The word "hassles" in the passage (Para. 3, Line 4) probably means .
A) quarrels C) disadvantages
B) worries D) agreements
25. According to the passage what is the best for both parents and children?
A) They should adjust themselves to sharing the family expenses.
B) Children should leave their parents when they are grown up.
C) Adult children should visit their parents from time to time.
D) Parents should support their adult children when they are in trouble. 注：22：列举题
account for：解释、说明；account for＋数字：占多大比例、多大数量
25：shift＝change；I came out from under the tree.；I picked up a gun from under my pillow.
21：clip：剪掉；makes sense：讲得通的
24：a social drink：应酬的小酒
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage: We all know that the normal human daily cycle of activity is of some 7-8 hours' sleep alternating with some 16-17 hours' wakefulness and that, broadly speaking, the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness. Our present concern is with how easily and to what extent this cycle can be modified.
The question is no mere academic one. The ease, for example, with which people can change from working in the day to working at night is a question of growing importance in industry where automation calls for round-the-clock working of machines. It normally take from five days to one week for a person to adapt to a reversed routine of sleep and wakefulness, sleeping during the day and working at night. Unfortunately, it is often the case in industry that shifts are changed every week; a person may work from 12 midnight to 8 a.m. one week, 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. the next, and 4 p. m. to 12 midnight the third and so on. This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change to another, so that much of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping very efficiently.
The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to a number of permanent night workers. An interesting study of the domestic life and health of& | 
